Feb 24, · How to Write a Materials and Methods Section of a Scientific Article? Up to the 18 th Century scientific researches were performed on a voluntary basis by certain scientists. However from the second half of the 19 th century, scientific development has gained momentum with the contributions of numerous scientists including Edison, Fleming, and Koch. In parallel with these developments Cited by: 7 There is no need for you Master Thesis Materials And Methods to worry about confidentiality. Master Thesis Materials And Methods Every piece of the personal information you disclose when using our Master Thesis Materials And Methods service will remain safe with us. The high speed of writing is one of the superpowers our experts have/10() This thesis will discuss a new method to extract entity relationships from news-paper articles to study Media Bias and apply it to examine Bias during the Democratic Primary. To do so, Chapter 2 discusses different conceptualizations of Media Bias and discusses previous literature on Bias in Presidential Elections and 6 Chapter 1 Daniel F
Types of research methods in thesis writing
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. In contrast to past centuries, scientific researchers have been currently conducted systematically in all countries as part of an education strategy. As a consequence, scientists have published thousands of reports. Writing an effective article is generally a significant problem for researchers.
All parts of an article, master thesis materials and methods, specifically the abstract, material and methods, results, discussion and references sections should contain certain features that should always be considered before sending a manuscript to a journal for publication.
It is generally known that the material and methods section is a relatively easy section of an article to write. Therefore, it is often a good idea to begin by writing the materials and methods section, which is also a crucial part of an article.
If the authors provide sufficient detail, other scientists can repeat their experiments to verify their findings. It is generally recommended that the materials and methods should be written in the past tense, either in active or passive voice. In this section, ethical approval, study dates, number of subjects, groups, evaluation criteria, exclusion criteria and statistical methods should be described sequentially.
It should be noted that a well-written materials and methods section markedly enhances the chances of an article being published. Up to the 18 th Century scientific researches were performed on a voluntary basis by certain scientists.
However from the second half of the 19 th century, scientific development has gained momentum with the contributions of numerous scientists including Edison, Fleming, and Koch. In parallel with these developments, apparently each scientific field, and even their branches made, and still making magnificent progressions from the end of the 18 th century. Secondary to these developments, scientific researches have been implemented systematically by universities, master thesis materials and methods, and various institutions in every part of the world as an integral component of national strategies.
Naturally, the number of researchers who performed scientific investigations or sponsored by various institutions increased considerably.
Also, as is known very well, all over the world scientists, and researchers move from one place to another to disseminate scientific knowledge. All of these scientific efforts, and activities reflect on clinical practice, and hundreds of thousands, and millions scientific articles which we can currently gain access into all of them online.
Although sharing the knowledge is essential for writing a scientific paper, nowadays writing a scientific article is mostly learnt as a master-apprentice relationship, and therefore certain standards have not been established. This phenomenon creates serious stress especially for young investigators in their early stage of writing scientific papers.
Indeed investigators receiving their residency training confront this reality finally during writing of their dissertations. Though sharing knowledge is known as a fundamental principle in writing a scientific paper, it creates difficulties in the whole world.
Relevant to this issue, in the whole world investigations have been performed, and books have been written on the subject of how to write a scientific paper. Accordingly, in our country mostly local meetings, and courses have been organized.
These organizations, and investigations should be performed. As we all know very well, scientific articles consist of sections of summary, introduction, material, and methods, discussion, and references. Among them, conventionally Materials and Methods section has been reported as the most easily written or will be written section. Therefore due care, and attention should be given to the writing of this section. In writing this section, master thesis materials and methods design describing the type of the article, study subjects to be investigated, methods, and procedures of measurements should be provided under four main headings.
Meeting these criteria carries great master thesis materials and methods with respect to the evaluation of reliability of the investigation by the readers, and reviewers, master thesis materials and methods, and also informing them about procedural method, design, data collection, and assessment methods of the investigation, Priorly, as is the case in all scientific investigations, one should be reminded about the importance, and indispensability of compliance with certain standard writing rules.
Accordingly, rules of grammar should be obeyed, and if possible passive voice of simple past tense should be used. Since the important point is communication of the message contained in the scientific study, the message should be clearly master thesis materials and methods. While ensuring clarity of the message, use of flourishing, and irrelevant sentences should be avoided.
To that end, standard units of measurements, and international abbreviations should be used. Abbreviations should be explained within parentheses at their first mention in the manuscript. Then the appropriate expression of the sentence should be. Study design prospective, retrospective or other. Still additional features of the study design cross-sectional should be indicated.
Apart from this, other types of study designs randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled or double-blind, parallel control etc. should be revealed. Indication of starting, and termination dates of a clinical study will facilitate scientific interpretation of the article.
Accordingly, outcomes obtained during development phase of a newly implemented method might be considered differently from those acquired during conventional use of this method. Besides, incidence of the diseases, and number of affected people might vary under the impact of social fluctuations, and environmental factors. Therefore with this justification study period should be specified. Nowadays, as a requirement of patient rights, obtainment of approval from ethics committee should be indicated with its registration number.
In addition, acquirement of informed consent forms from patients should be indicated. Ethics Committee approval should be obtained in prospective studies performed with study drugs. Otherwise in case of occurrence of adverse effects, it should be acknowledged that in compliance with Article 90 of the Turkish Criminal Law, a 3-year prison sentence is given to the guilty parties.
As a next step, names of the groups, master thesis materials and methods, and distribution of the cases in these groups should be indicated. Herein, after assignment of names to groups, in the rest of the manuscript, these names should be used.
Thus, errors of repetition will be precluded. Following the abovementioned information, the evaluation method of the cases enrolled in the study should be indicated. Hence, results of medical history, physical examination, and if performed laboratory or radiological evaluations-in that order-should be indicated.
The application of survey study-if any-should be investigated, and documented. Lower urinary system complaints, and erectile dysfunction were evaluated using International Prostate Symptom Score IPSSand International Erectile Function Scale IIEFrespectively. However, methods used for the master thesis materials and methods of questionnaire forms, and significance of the results obtained, and if possible, the first performer of this survey should be written with accompanying references.
IPSS used to determine the severity of the disease, evaluate treatment response, and ascertain the symptomatic progression, is the most optimal scoring system recommended by European Association of Urology EAU which classifies the severity of the disease based on IPSS scores as mild 0—7moderate 8—19and severe symptomatic 20—35 disease. In the evaluation of sexual function International Erectile Function Scale IIEF was used.
IIEF is one of the most prevalently used form for the patients who consulted for the complaints of sexual dysfunction Based on IIEF scores, the severity of the disease was classified as severe 1—10moderate 11—16mild to moderate 17—21mild 22—25and no ED 26— if radiological methods are used, then the brand of radiological equipment, and its manufacturing country should be specified.
On the other hand, the details of the medical master thesis materials and methods which can effect the outcomes of the study should be also recorded, master thesis materials and methods. Accordingly, the methods applied for percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureterorenoscopy, varicocelectomy, transurethral prostatectomy, radical prostatectomy perineal, open, laparoscopic or robotic should be absolutely indicated.
Then inclusion, and exclusion criteria, and if used control group, and its characteristics should be documented. In these cases the procedure of monitorization should be documented for the sake of the validity of the study in question. The abovementioned rules, and recommendations are most master thesis materials and methods valid for a clinical study, and some points indicated in experimental studies should be also considered. Types, weights, master thesis materials and methods, gender, and number of the animals used in animal studies should be absolutely specified.
Besides condition of evaluation of experimental animals should be noted. Then as is the case with clinical studies, approval of the ethics committee should be obtained, and documented. After approval of the ethics committee HADYEK the study was performed within the frame of rules specified by the National Institute for animal experiments.
The rats were divided into 3 groups. Each group of 4 rats was housed in standard cages with an area of 40×60 master thesis materials and methods. The animals were fed with standard 8 mm food pellets, and fresh daily tap water. The rats were kept in the cages under 12 hours of light, and 12 hours of dark. Herein, the method, and agent of anesthesia used local or general anesthesia in surgical procedures, and then the experimental method applied should be clearly indicated.
In all groups, ureters were approached through midline abdominal incision. In Group 1, ureters were manipulated without causing obstruction. Results of biochemical, and pathological evaluations performed in Group 1 were considered as baseline values.
One or more than one figures with a good resolution, and easily comprehensible legends should be also included in the explanation of the experimental model. Partial ureteral obstruction model [ 11 ]. Appropriate signs, and marks placed on the figure will facilitate comprehension of the legends Figure 2. Ureteral segments black arrows seen in a rat partial ureteral obstruction model [ 11 ].
The signs used will also improve intelligibility of the target. Headings and as a prevalent convention legends of the figures should be indicated at the end of the manuscript. If a different method is used in the study, this should be explained in detail. The rats in the 2. cages were placed in these compartments. Each compartment contained 4 rats. Cigarette smoke was produced using one cigarette per hour, and smoke coming from the tip, and the filter of the lighted cigarette was pumped into the gas chamber with a pneumatic motor.
The rats were exposed to smoke of 6 cigarettes for 6 hours. The compartments of the rats were changed every day so as to achieve balanced exposure of the rats to cigarette smoke. Meanwhile, chemical names, doses, and routes of administration of the substances used in experimental studies should be indicated. If the substance used is a solution or an antibody, then manufacturing firm, and its country should be indicated in parenthesis.
Each group was housed in 2 cages each containing 4 animals. The first group did not undergo any additional procedure Group 1, master thesis materials and methods. The second group was exposed to cigarette smoke Group 2. Louis, master thesis materials and methods, MO, USA. The Group 4 was also exposed to cigarette smoke.
After all of these procedures, method, and analytical procedure of histopathological examination used should be described-if possible-by a pathologist Similarly, biochemical method used should be referenced, and written by the department of clinical chemistry.
Materials and Methods
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In "Justification of the thesis", it is necessary to determine those research methods that will serve as a tool (tool) in the extraction of factual material [14]. The right choice of methods and Estimated Reading Time: 4 mins proposal for Master’s thesis). Research plan and supervision Work on the Master’s thesis should begin by writing a research plan that introduces the background, contents and realistic schedule for the thesis. In addition, an objective or objectives should be set for the thesis, i.e. defining a problem that the thesis seeks to answer Feb 24, · How to Write a Materials and Methods Section of a Scientific Article? Up to the 18 th Century scientific researches were performed on a voluntary basis by certain scientists. However from the second half of the 19 th century, scientific development has gained momentum with the contributions of numerous scientists including Edison, Fleming, and Koch. In parallel with these developments Cited by: 7
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